Describe Sexual and Gender Identity, the Distinction Between Them

In physiological side, the sex identity is regarding the appearance of the external sex organs at the birth of an infant. Hence, the sex identity of boy or girl is usually straight forward related to biological. On the other hand, the gender identity is more complicated. It cannot be focus on biological process and it may affect by many aspects. Firstly, the behavior of males and females always affect by different culture and society. Each culture has their own sex roles standards and can change as time goes on.For example, there is big difference viewpoint when we look at a transvestist nowadays. We can accept this is a trendy and they are fashionable. Even though many parents can gradually accept their son or daughter is a transgender, they will try their best to lead their children in the appropriate sex roles from infancy stage. Girl must wear dress in pink and play with their â€Å"Barbie† doll. Whereas, boy must play with their car or transformers toys. Also boy should b e stronger than girl and protect them always. Crying is for girl only.Hence, the major influences on the child’s adoption of typical masculine or typical feminine are their parents’ attitudes. In general, tomboy is easier to accept by people than effeminate behavior for boys. The sex-roles of cultures that are radically different from our own. According to Margaret Mead's studying of three tribes, the Arapesh, the Mundugumor and the Tchambuli, she found that few sex role differences in the Arapesh and the Mundugumor. The males and females of the Arapesh were passive, gentle and co-operative. The Mundugumor were aggressive, restrictive and fierce.The Tchambuli appeared to be a complete reversal of the typical male and female sex-roles as we know them. The women were independent and aggressive whilst the men were considered sentimental and emotional. Such finding indicated a great deal of cultural and social influences on the child's formation of either male or female. B y learning theory, the acquisition of gender roles was by teaching rather than biological. Bandura, the social learning theorist, believe that sex appropriate behaviors are learned like the other behaviors.They are both via imitation and reinforced by parents. Non-appropriate behaviors is not allowed or actively discouraged. From the infant was born, their parents started to instil sex appropriate behaviors consciously and unconsciously. Goldberg and Lewis in 1969 studying 32 girls and 32 boys with their mothers, they found that the emergence of sex-typed behaviors by the age of 13 months and indicated links between these sex-appropriate behaviors and the way in which these toddlers had been treated by their mothers.At the result, greater dependency on their mother which was showed by the girls at 13 months was due to the differences in handling at 6 months. Hence, it appears that early differences in handling may contribute to the emergence of sex-typed behavior. Some theorist beli eve that the biological factors still can explain why a child adopts a specific gender roles through two main ways. One is the effects of hormones and the other is the lateralisation of brain functions.Young and his associates used monkey for testing. They injected pregnant monkeys with testosterone (a male hormone) early in their pregnancy. They found that female offspring had some genital abnormalities and showed types of social behavior which were more characteristic of male monkeys. Later testing the female monkeys injected testosterone after birth but before puberty, they become much more assertive, and even becoming very powerful.From another theorist, John Money, he matched pairs of hermaphrodites, he concluded that it is the socially imposed identity which is the accepted one though there does appear to be a critical period between 18 months and 3 years after which sexual reassignment is unwise. Regard to the lateralisation of brain functions, two hemispheres of the brain sp ecialize in different functions. In general, the left hemisphere is concerned with processing verbal material while the right hemisphere deals with spatial information.The other theorist, Bryden found that men are more specialised than women. That means men are more vulnerable to the effects of brain damage than women. For example, if a woman suffers damage to the left hemisphere she is less likely to suffer language impairment than a man with similar damage. Similarly, if a woman suffers damage to the right hemisphere she is less likely to show spatial problems than a man. As a result, the specialisation of the two hemispheres of the brain seem to indicate that some sex differences are inate.

Night: Elie Wiesel, Literary Analsis Essay

The story is a sad one; one filled with despair around every corner and past every page. We begin to look on the characters that helped to create and personify the horror of the Holocaust. From Elie, to his father, Shlomo, or to the woman on the bus, and Moishe the Beadle; how does the character of Elie Wiesel, Change throughout the story – because he does. As we attempt to pick the brain of our author we begin to see the mastermind behind the novel, and maybe even understand some of the horror inked into the pages. First of all, let’s note the differences between our main character and the author. Noting the change between these two is essential, it will help better understand the change of Elie in the story. They are the same person but as it is hard to write about and relive the events of the holocaust for our author, he changes a lot of the minor details to create a line between Elie and himself. Examples of this can be found in the book; while Wiesel writes that Elie injures his foot in the concentration camp, the reality is that Wiesel injures his knee. (Editoral) This book was not written to be a documentary, but an emotional journal, a purging of experience onto the pages of the book. To, in a way, offer some insight and knowledge, in an attempt to try and erase some of the ignorance surrounding the holocaust. Elie’s most fundamental beliefs are tested in these happenings, his faith most of all. His faith in God, the judicial system, and in human beings in general is tested like never before. We look at Elie Wiesel, our author and narrator who is a young boy that is forced through a lot of torment. As a boy he was fond of his father, would do anything to protect him, his whole family for that matter, they were closely knit. Moishe came to Shlomo and his family and tried to warn them of the imminent danger. To try and help them flee before it was too late, but it was all in vain. The Hungarian Police invade the small home town of Sighet and, by force, remove the Jews from their homes. The revulsions of the Concentration camp named Auschwitz’s Block 17 turn him into a battered man faster than he could have imagined. â€Å"Everybody out! Leave everything inside. Hurry up† they were forced to leave the place they called home with such speed and abrupt force; he really didn’t have time to adjust. Block 17 did the adjusting for him. Elie grew up well off and didn’t have enough experience to know that food was not something that one should take for granted. He refused his first ration of food in the concentration camp, still silently holding off hope that this would all be over soon. He was thinking that soon he would be able to go home, to be back to doing what he was used to. Little did he know, the same bowl of soup he passed up would one day get one of his Jewish colleagues shot and killed. Elie says; â€Å"I became A-7713. From then on, I had no other name. † Stripped of his name, age, hair, clothing, dignity, personality, and life, he continued to live as a number in the Nazi Concentration camp. Furthermore we consider the character of Eli’s father, Shlomo, and the role he played in the transformation of Elie. His character remains pretty much unchanged throughout the whole story. We don’t hear much about how Shlomo feels about the Holocaust; all that we hear is how his father being in the holocaust affects Elie. We often hear Elie say that he wish he had done something about all the torture he had to endure. The reason Auschwitz’s was so bad for Elie, was mostly because he knew his dad was there going through the same things that he was. This hurt Elie, and broke him almost to the bone. His dad is the only reason that he doesn’t break, however; Elie feels like he has to stay strong for Shlomo. Elie is changed from the young wealthy boy with the perfect life to the prison hardened young man with nothing to look forward to. He is forced to watch his father suffer through torture. He is more than the average protagonist; the antagonist in this story is the whole rest of the world. He is limited by his religion and the forces surrounding him to be something that he is not. He loved his father would do anything for him; he makes unthinkable decisions that will protect them in the end. Elie survives the worst of conditions, the harshest of attitudes, and the most unthinkable predicaments. He is indeed a warrior; and a worthy survivor of the Holocaust.

Determinants of Offshore Outsourcing Software - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1043 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? 1.1. Determinants of offshore outsourcing software To evaluate location attractiveness for offshore outsourcing software, A.T.Kearney, a global management consulting firms annually ranked à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Top 10 Best Consulting Firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Vault Consulting Rank, 2014) that focus on strategic and operational CEO-agenda issues, established the index metrics based on industry services and knowledge gained from client engagements over the past five years. Relying on the importance of location decision, A.T.Kearney decided the relative weights of each metrics. Financial factors constitute 40% in total weight because it is the most important determinants offshore outsourcing software. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Determinants of Offshore Outsourcing Software" essay for you Create order The two remaining elements à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" people skills and availability as well as business environment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" each contributes to 30% of the total weight (A.T.Kearney, 2011). Table 1.3: A.T.Kearney Global Services Location Index, 2011 Category Subcategory Metrics Financial attractiveness (40%) Compensation costs Average wages Median compensation costs for relevant positions (call-center representative, BPO analysis, IT programmers and local operational managers) Infrastructure costs Rental costs Commercial electricity rates International telecom costs Travel to major customer destinations Tax and regulatory costs Relative tax burden Corruption perception Currency appreciation and depreciation People skills and availability (30%) Remote services sector and quality ratings Size of existing IT and BPO sectors Contact center and IT center quality certifications Quality ratings of management school and IT training Labor force availability Total workforce University-educated workforce Workforce flexibility Education and language Scores on standardized education and language tests Attrition risk Relative IT and BPO sector growth and unemployment rate Business environment (30%) Country environment Investor and analyst ratings of overall business and political environment Foreign Direct Investment Index Security risk Regulatory burden and employment rigidity Government support for the information and communication technology (ICT) sector Infrastructure Overall infrastructure quality Quality of telecom, Internet and electricity infrastructure Cultural exposure Personal interaction score Security of Intellectual Property (IP) Investor ratings of IP protection and ICT laws Software piracy rates Information security certifications (Source: A.T.Kearney, 2011) 1.1.1. Financial attractiveness In recent research by KPMG, the consultancy, revealed that, when asked for the reasons for offshore software outsourcing in 2012, 70% of business decision makers said cost was a driver (Karl Flinders, 2013). 1.1.1.1. Compensation costs One of the top determinants for offshore outsourcing software is cost control and the primary cost driver in the United States and Europe is compensation costs which consist of wage costs and relevant position costs like IT programmers and local operational managers (Chris Niccolls, 2012). Labor costs are monthly compensation for the clients because offshore outsourcing software lets them take advantage of lower labor costs of vendorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s nation. 1.1.1.2. Infrastructure costs In cost-benefit analysis of offshore outsourcing software, infrastructure costs comprising of rental costs, commercial electricity rates, international telecom costs and travel to major customer destinations should be considered in cost estimation. Rental cost for office space for representative office is one of important determinants because potential expanding possibility requires clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s companies to rent office for their local employees and expatriates to manage outsourcing service as well as exploit new market to reduce delivery cost to and fro between the two countries of client and vendor. Besides, commercial electricity rate and international telecom costs are expenditure for operation and management activities in software outsourcing process, especially for partial outsourcing projects. 1.1.1.3. Tax and regulatory costs Tax and regulatory costs are determinants of offshore outsourcing software since all clients always take notice of these factors to select the best destination of service. Vendors, hence, also research on such elements to reduce their operational costs. Types of tax are considered in offshore outsourcing software are: income tax for vendorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s corporation, preferential income taxation for software industry staff, Value Added Tax for software products and services, import tax for materials used for software production, export tax for software products, etc. Furthermore, some countries with encouragement policies for ICT development like low Internet price or low hiring price for industrial park are noticeable determinants of offshore outsourcing software (Athukorala, 2006; Auffret, 2003; Nguyen, 2004) 1.1.2. People skills and availability In the report by KPMG mentioned in part 1.3.1, while 83% of client corporations chose cost was driver of software outsourcing in 2011, such number reduced to 70% in 2012. 53% of interviewees selected human capital to be a crucial determinant of offshore outsourcing software ((Karl Flinders, 2013). 1.1.2.1. Remote services sector and quality ratings Size of existing IT and BPO sectors is sufficient background for development of offshore outsourcing software with existing facilities, market, models and framework of such activities. Size of existing IT and BPO sectors seem to be an evidence of experience for vendors, which acts like brand of offshore outsourcing software to vendors to make decisions. In addition, availability of quality ratings are determinants of offshore outsourcing software since one main characteristics of service is variability which requires specific standards to maintain quality of service (Ateeq Khan, 2009). Quality ratings of management school and IT training ought to be considered as staffing is a key organizational decision variable in software development (Pressman, 2005). 1.1.2.2. Labor force availability Offshore outsourcing software frees a firm from gathering talents with particular skills to accomplish certain tasks and from developing management capabilities to control non-core tasks (Robert Kennedy et al., 2013). When researchers evaluate labor force availability, both of quantity and quality of human resources is taken into account. Total workforce and age of population presents potential quantity of talent pool for outsourcing software. Also, number of university-educated workforce is signal for quantity of human capital because offshore outsourcing software requires technical knowledge and skills. Hence, vendors should employ high quality employees with professional degrees in Computer Science, Engineering, Management and similar fields (A. B. Nauman, 2004). Last but not least, workforce flexibility show working cultures of outsourcing countries to forecast conflicts in relationships between vendors and clients. 1.1.2.3. Education and language Not only does offshore outsourcing software requires significant of education but language literacy is also essential (Robert Kennedy et al., 2013). Education system and language proficiency are two determinants in human expertise and resources in offshore application outsourcing framework (Naumann, Aziz et al., 2004). The importance of education system is not just knowledge background of workforce; and it still concentrates on technical and interpersonal practice skills. Besides, English is compulsory language in offshore outsourcing software since it is the second language in the world and the main language in global software (Dorie Clark, 2012). If outsourcing staffs are fluent in language of clients, it will be a plus to enhance more effective communication.

Definition of Deposition in Chemistry

The settling of particles or sediment onto a surface. The particles may originate from a vapor, solution, a suspension, or a mixture. Deposition also refers to the phase change from gas to solid.

Case Study Analysis on an Entrepreneur - 2827 Words

Case Study Analysis on an Entrepreneur and their company strategy.h Introduction to Enterprise and Entrepreneurship (ENTE 1521) Rebecca Jade Inglis P14145784 Thursday – 14:00 – 15:00 David Stringer ENTE 1521 ASSIGNMENT 1 Criteria 2014/15 TITLE: Case Study Analysis on an Entrepreneur and their company strategy Student Number:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Tutor Marking†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Please note: You will LOSE 5% if you do not include this criteria sheet CRITERIA | ANY COMMENTS | MARK | Executive Summary. 5% | | | Company Profiles 20% | | | Entrepreneurs Profiles, and how did they set up.Evidence of research25% | | | Personality Trait Analysis.Evidence of research30% | | | Management Behaviours 10% |†¦show more content†¦Michelle’s family were far from well off and her home issues meant that from a young age Michelle voluntarily took on a lot of responsibilities. When Michelle was 10 her brother died which caused both her mother and father to go into depression meaning Michelle’s mother was forced to leave her job. Michelle took it upon herself to support her family by delivering newspapers. By the time Michelle was 11 she had 7 other children working for her. Now how many 11 year olds can say they have 1 person working for them let alone 7? When Michelle was 15, disaster struck again and Michelle’s father became paralysed f rom the waist down meaning that he too was unable to work. This left Michelle with two unemployed parents with the only point of income coming from herself. Michelle made the decision to leave school with no qualifications to find a full time job with the best intentions which were to provide for her family. Even at a low point in Michelle’s life she still wanted the best and was determined to achieve. Michelle left school and was initially a model until she took on a job at a large beer brewing company known as Labatt. Michelle quickly climbed the ranks of the company and by the age she was 22 was the director. Just when Michelle’s life was finallyShow MoreRelatedFinancial Issues Affecting Kenyatta Market Women Entrepreneurs Of Nairobi962 Words   |  4 PagesFINANCIAL ISSUES AFFECTING KENYATTA MARKET WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS OF NAIROBI, KENYA 1. Introduction i. 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Blood Banks Are Getting Safer Essay Research free essay sample

Blood Banks Are Geting Safer Essay, Research Paper THE RED CROSS REPORTS BLOOD BANKS ARE SAFER THAN EVER As interpreter for the American Red Cross, I would wish to turn to the public s quickly turning concern over our state s blood supply. The population of our state must slake their frights sing taint of our blood supply from the AIDS virus and hepatitis. Since the early 19th century the United States has used endovenous disposal from a giver to a receiver for blood transfusions. The Red Cross prerequisites for safeguarded and dependable blood transfusions involves cognition of giver showing and choice, and most significantly proving for the presence of antibodies for AIDS, and proving for retroviral infections specifically Hepatitis B. Initially, safety in blood transfusions translates into extremely effectual giver showing and choice, every bit good as pretransfusion proving for the presence of catching and infective diseases in the giver s blood. We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Banks Are Getting Safer Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Today blood transfusions are one of medical specialties safest processs in comparing to American s deceasing from Salmonella in bad poulet or complications from a general anaesthesia ( Blood Supply Safer 16 ) . Likewise, the United States volunteer blood aggregation plan lowers the likeliness of septic givers. Epidemiologists recognize bad groups at blood Bankss sequestering them which enables their aggregations to be individually tested ( Measures to Protect Blood Supply 31 ) . A safeguard for all blood givers limits contribution frequence to five times a twelvemonth which is tantamount to 480 milliliter or one pint of blood every eight hebdomads forestalling the increased incidence of Fe lacks ( Encarta 96 ) . The Red Cross collects all blood into unfertile bags incorporating decoagulants and preservative foods to forestall taint with extra samples sent for stringent control proving. At the present clip their is no conclusive man-made replacing for blood or ruddy blood cells, ther efore the compatibility of antigens, RH factors, antibodies, and disease free transfused blood does and will go on to guarantee high endurance rates. The American Red Cross blood bank installations collect and determine the blood type and procedure the stored blood under unfertile conditions, delegating a uniquely single saloon codification figure labeled on each unit of blood ( Encarta 96 ) . Blood antigens, grouping, and matching antibodies are characteristically screened through an expeditiously coordinated process in regional and community blood centres and research labs throughout the state. Due to this differentiated, precise blood typewriting and designation, wrong assignment of blood from giver to receiver is highly rare. The control samples are sent on for extra viral testing for the AIDS virus and Hepatitis B prior to let go of of any blood merchandises. Today America s authorities and blood Bankss are prepared to cover with the hazards of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ) which attacks the human immune system and can be transmitted through blood transfusions because of our critically accurate cheque system in topographic point and support from the FDA and Congress. Public consciousness without ignorance and fright is indispensable in covering with the AIDS rebellion. The development of this epidemic will non impact our blood contribution when over 14,000,000 blood constituents are transfused annually in the United States ( Blood Supply Safer 16 ) . Statistics reported in USA Today study over 20 per centum of HIV infections in grownups is found in North America and South America, yet merely one hundred infections in 1995 were related to blood constituents from transfusions ( Blood Supply Safer 16. ) The Red Cross promise s all people, immature or old, to go on to work with authorities bureaus to take down these Numberss. Because the class the HIV infection must go may take from six to ten old ages or more for the existent visual aspect of the systemic disease, research workers are protecting our blood Bankss by supervising alternate markers utilizing research lab informations associated with the HIV patterned advance ( Perrow and Guillen 42 ) . Our state has one of the most sophisticated blood showing processes in topographic point to procure and protect our population from this virus. The research group ab initio led by Robert Gallo has farther developed trials that will observe serum antibodies against the HIV virus bespeaking an single s exposure to the virus ( Encarta 96 ) . Each twelvemonth in the United States 1000000s of samples of blood are screened in blood Bankss, plasma centres, and research labs utilizing separate trials to observe the different protein constituents in HIV-1 and HIV-2. In add-on, due to the four to eight hebdomad clip oversight from exposure to the HIV virus to developing a positive HIV trial, other methods have been developed to observe other constituents of the virus instead than merely positive designation of the antibodies ( Perrow and Guillen 38-9 ) . All of these commissariats combined with precise quality control are identification steps in topographic point to protect our blood supply against future new strains of the HIV virus from around the universe. Through research and new engineering the Red Cross undertakings to go on take downing the national statistics by supplying our population with increased assurance in our state s blood supply. The Red Cross is besides subjecting all donated blood to trials for the retroviral infection caused by Hepatitis B. Because the liver is inflamed during Hepatitis B, with liver expansion and icterus development, chronic bearers may develop lasting liver harm. Symptoms found in Hepatitis B infections are fever, in darkness colored urine, loss of appetency, and extremely elevated liver enzymes and hematoidin degrees ( DeVincent-Hayes 20 ) . Once once more the indispensable and strict giver showing every bit good as collected units of blood being subjected to proving for the presence of Hepatitis B antibodies should mostly cut down public apprehensiveness sing infection from donated blood supplies. Due to Hepatitis B s strong opposition degree to sterilisation, the Red Cross is equipped with all updated techniques to forestall the giver and receiver from taint. Since the American Medical Association and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are decidedly promoting all kids and grownups to be vaccinated by the Hepatitis B vaccinum, the Red Cross undertakings that the statistic of one instance of Hepatitis B in every 5000 units of transfused blood will diminish dramatically ( DeVincent-Hayes 21 ) . The safety of our state s blood Bankss remains a top precedence with the Red Cross and our authorities. This serious duty shared by all medical professionals must go on to make higher wellness and safety standards for all persons whether they are a haemophiliac, a pregnant female parent and her unborn kid, or a senior citizen fixing for unfastened bosom surgery. Physicians must go on to teach and promote patients able to donate their ain blood prior to surgery to make so, advancing autologous blood contribution. The cause of our state s dismay and even apprehension of the demand for a blood transfusion must be laid to rest wholly by the beginning of the 21st century. Through the Red Cross educational and informational plans we will make this, every bit good as maintain our promise for the highest respect for persons wellness rights through continued quality precautions and future technological progresss to protect our state s blood supply.

The Polis vs Modern American Democracy Essay Example

The Polis vs Modern American Democracy Essay Name PS 201 – 03 10/19/2012 The Polis and the â€Å"Just City† vs. Modern American Democracy It is common to refer to the Greek city-state as the Greek polis and in order to understand ancient Greece one must have an understanding of what the polis was to the Greeks. First, let’s consider the physical characteristics and dimensions of the Greek polis. The single most striking feature of a Greek polis is its small size. It can be easy to overlook this fact because the classical sense of the word polis is dominated by the thought of Athens, which was very atypical in its population size, over 300,000 people. It was thought that the ideal polis should only be about 5,000 households, and that each citizen should know each other by sight. Politics, a word that is derived from the Greek word polis, was of a face-to-face variety in these small communities. Although there was variation in details from polis to polis, there were some standard physical features of the polis which one could expect to find. The polis had a place of citizen assembly. These public places were most often located on a defendable high ground of the community, which served as a place of refuge in time of attack. We will write a custom essay sample on The Polis vs Modern American Democracy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Polis vs Modern American Democracy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Polis vs Modern American Democracy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The polis would typically have a marketplace, which was the center of communal life. Here, the adult male citizen lived most of his life, engaging in informal public conversations, informing himself on matters of the state. The polis also had a religious center for public worship; most every polis had its temple to the protecting god of the political community. And all poleis shared the same political characteristics of citizen participation in public life. There was no desire to retreat from the world of public affairs; in men’s minds, the private life did not yet exist. In the polis, the individual was interested in not only his affairs, but also the affairs of the state. Even those who were mostly occupied by their businesses were well informed on general politics. The communal alignment of the ancient Greeks may be the most difficult feature of the Greek mind to grasp. Especially for a citizen of a large modern nation in which few people actually participate in the political process. It was this distinctive way of life, the active participation on the part of the individual citizen in all aspects of these small Greek communities that is most striking. Only adult male citizens participated in open public debate in the polis; here the individual could have had a real impact on state policy. The polis demanded a great deal from its citizens: service in public office, attendance at political gatherings, appearances at religious events and military service. To be a democratic citizen was priceless for the adult Greek male Greek, and the polis was the path through which it was realized. In distinct opposition of theories, Plato, in his â€Å"Just City,† searches for justice within the individual and what makes a person â€Å"just. By comparing his sense of what is just at a political level and what is just at a psychological level, Plato suggests four virtues that will make an individual person just. The virtues of wisdom, courage, temperance and justice are common to both a just person and the fictional Just City. This theoretical city has the pre-determined virtue of being just. Plato does this in order to understand what just ice is for the individual because Plato thinks that a just man will be like a just city and vice versa. In the Just City, Plato creates three classes: the producers, the auxiliaries and the rulers. Each class has a certain virtue it has to display to fulfill the Just City pre-requisites. The rulers are required to exhibit wisdom so that â€Å"a whole city established according to nature would be wise because of the smallest class and part in it, namely the governing or ruling one. And, to this class, belongs a share of the knowledge that alone among all the other kinds of knowledge is to be called wisdom† (122). The wisdom enjoyed by the rulers would be used to ensure that the city has good judgment. The auxiliaries, or soldiers, of the Just City would be educated in order to absorb the laws in the finest possible way, â€Å"so that their belief about what they should fear and all the rest would become so fast that even such extremely effective detergents such as pleasure, pain, fear and desire wouldn’t wash it out† (124). Their ability to remain focused is the virtue of courage, which Plato concludes will lead to justice within the city. The final class of the Just City, the producers, will exhibit the virtues of temperance and justice, along with the other two classes, so the city will be just. Plato thinks that temperance and justice is crucial because it ties all the classes together. The idea of harmony is crucial to Plato’s definition of justice, as justice to him means each part of society works together in the best way possible, with each part of society content to play out its particular role. As Plato explains: â€Å"Justice, I think, is exactly what we said must be established throughout the city when we were founding it†¦ that everyone must practice one of the occupations in the city for which he is naturally best suited† (128). Once Plato found justice within the larger setting of the Just City, he sought to transfer it back into the human soul, which he identified as having more than one single driving force. Plato based this assumption on the ability of a person to be indecisive about his actions, such as drinking, when something inside them forbid them to do it, though the desire lingered. This indecisiveness can be transformed into internal conflicts between more than one part of the soul. Plato concludes: â€Å"†¦that they are two, and different from one another. We’ll call the part of the soul with which it calculates the rational part and the part with which it lusts, hungers, thirsts and gets excited by other appetites the irrational appetitive part, companion of certain indulgences and pleasures† (137). Plato then identifies a third part of the soul, the spirit, which is used to create emotions. Originally, it was felt that this part might not actually be separate from the appetitive aspect of the soul, but when the appetitive part is fighting it is, in effect, waging a civil war against the rational part within the soul. In this scenario, a person could get angry and reprimand himself, in effect having the spirited part of the soul united with the rational part of the soul. From his analysis of the three classes, Plato uses his conclusions of the Just City as a metaphor to transfer their virtues to the individual, in order to discover justice within the soul. His statement that â€Å"we are pretty much agreed that the same number and the same kinds of classes as are in the city are also in the soul of each individual† confirms the relationship between the Just City and the individual (140). It is obvious to Plato that the rational part of the soul should rule, as the rulers in the city do, because they both exhibit the virtue of wisdom and can both exercise precaution on behalf of the entire soul. Similarly, just as the auxiliaries assist the rulers in maintaining justice within the city, the spirited part of the soul will use emotions in order to maintain order and harmony within the soul, which is justice. These two parts of the soul will be able to control its appetitive part, which ay, through its greedy desire for money, attempt to overthrow its particular role and rule over the body and eventually the classes that it is not naturally suited to rule over (141). Consequently, justice in the individual and justice in the city would be overturned leading to chaos and war. The rulers and auxiliaries, together known as the guardians, exist in order to control and direct the producers who are the majority of the population, as the rational and spirited parts of the soul rule the desires of the individual. Plato concludes that justice in the individual is similar to justice within the city, where a person â€Å"puts himself in order, is his own friend, and harmonizes the three parts of himself like three limiting notes in a musical scale† (142). In the Just City, justice is obtained by the three parts of society, each fulfilling their role as best they can, and displaying the same four virtues of wisdom, courage, temperance and justice. This leads to a harmony between the parts, the best possible combination, which is described as justice by Plato both within the city and within the soul. This should be obvious; after all, a city is made up of many just individuals. The Greek city-state, or polis, is not where we would first be inclined to look for connections between modern democratic design and practical success. The polis demonstrates a lot of intolerant characteristics, including the exclusion of women from citizenship, the prevalence of slavery and low levels of technology. But on closer inspection, we have much to learn from ancient Greek democracies. Despite the slavery and exclusively male citizenship, which were present in both more and less successful cases throughout history, the Greek democracies provide as close a model as we can get to a modern comparative political examination. On the contrary, while the track record of ruling individuals, or classes, is somewhat spotty, the concept of a ruling elite finds a strong proponent in the philosopher Plato. While recognizing the fundamental flaw in humankind, Plato believes in the appointment of one supreme guardian, the philosopher king or queen, an individual, who with the proper education was competent enough to decide on policies. Plato believes that the philosopher king is honorable since his only desire is knowledge, his thirst for knowledge prevailing over anything else. Plato’s arguments, made so long ago, resonate in the current world in much the same way as they did when they first appeared. Times of crisis remind us of the need for ongoing review of the assumptions we make regarding the best way to govern and the best way to manage those resources available to us. Plato provides one view of the best forms of government, and consequently, offers some insight into the issues under review today. A weakness of Plato’s vision is that it requires exceptionally high standards for the moral nature of human beings. In this view, Plato puts a great deal of emphasis on the soul as rational and assumes that people, who choose occupations based on their desires, will be just. According to Plato’s mantra, given that people are following the desires of their rational soul, they must be behaving in a just manner. Another weakness of this creed is that it puts too much power in the hands of a selected few; it is dangerous to allow so few to govern so many. Without the checks and balances seen in a democratic society, a tyrannical environment can be fostered. In contrast, a weakness of democracy is that the masses are given the ability to govern the country. As a group, they are susceptible to a â€Å"group think† mentality; voting based on the collective mentality rather than individual principles. Economic gain is central in a capitalist society and will influence people’s decision making. The group may vote based on emotions rather than thought. Also, a large number of people may be unable to focus on one agenda since different people have different standards, agendas and motivations. In modern America, it is best that all people participate in their society’s government. In spite of Plato’s arguments for the Just City, placing the reins of democracy in the hands of the masses is safer than relegating power to only a few. Plato was correct in requiring that leaders be informed, and equally correct in believing that the uninformed masses are less likely to make good decisions; but the way to address this is not to exclude people. Rather, as part of the political process, people should be educated about all of the parts of the process, as well as about the candidates, their policies and political ideologies. In addition to education about the candidates and the process, the population requires a more general education in order to allow it to follow its desires. As in The Republic, allowing people to perform jobs which best suit their desires would give each individual a stake in the welfare of the nation overall, allowing for a more resourceful use of labor and a motivation for all members of civilization to work for the collective good of the whole. The greatest contribution of Plato to our modern understanding of appropriate governance may be the emphasis the philosopher placed on the power of knowledge and wisdom. Some investment in those qualities might allow for a better-informed voter and a more reasonable form of government where the democratic model is blended with an understanding of economic necessity and the realities of human nature. Perhaps, what has become most apparent from the current US crisis is that some sense of collective good, as well as a sense of collective responsibility, must be incorporated into the notion of democracy. Works Cited Plato. The Republic of Plato. Trans. Francis MacDonald Cornford. London: Oxford University Press, 1977. Print.